BERLIN — Chancellor Angela Merkel told Germans to expect a "difficult winter" as the country's daily reported coronavirus cases hit a new high Thursday, while residents in France prepared for life under a new month-long lockdown and experts urged Spain to more aggressively curtail its infections.

Speaking to Parliament a day after she and the governors of Germany's 16 states agreed upon new, far-reaching restrictions to curb the spread of the virus, Merkel said the country faces "a dramatic situation at the beginning of the cold season."

Germany's disease control agency said local authorities reported 16,774 new positive tests for COVID-19 in the past day, pushing the country's total close to the half million-mark. The Robert Koch Institute also recorded 89 additional deaths, bringing its confirmed pandemic death toll to 10,272. 

"The winter will be difficult, four long, difficult months. But it will end," Merkel told lawmakers. "We have already seen over the past eight months how we can learn and help each other."

Under the restrictions going into effect Monday, German restaurants, bars, sports and cultural venues will be shut for four weeks, along with beauty parlors and brothels. Gatherings are limited to 10 people from a maximum of two households and all non-essential journeys will be discouraged. 

Schools, kindergartens, stores and places of worship will remain open — albeit with safety precautions —prompting some to call the measures a "lockdown light" compared to the more severe shutdown Germany saw in March and April.

Merkel said authorities had no choice but to drastically reduce social contacts as three-quarters of infections in Germany now are no longer traceable.

"If we wait until the ICUs are full, then it will be too late," she said.

Opposition leader Alexander Gauland of the far-right Alternative for Germany party responded by accusing Merkel's government of "wartime propaganda" and likened the pandemic to traffic, arguing that society accepts a certain number of car deaths each year but doesn't ban driving.

Germany's finance and economy ministers announced a new 10 billion-euro ($11.7 billion) fund for businesses affected by the additional measures. 

Europe's biggest economy has been able to mobilize massive financial aid to dampen the economic blow of the pandemic. Still, there has been anger over the new measures, particularly from restaurant owners who had set up heated outdoor seating areas and made other preparations to follow health regulations only to be told they aren't allowed to serve customers for a month.

While France announced a second, full nationwide lockdown Wednesday, many countries have hesitated to take such drastic measures for the second time in a year, wary of the economic pain they cause.

The British government has resisted calls for a national lockdown, despite having significantly higher 14-day infection rates than Germany and a virus death toll four times larger. 

Britain's Communities Secretary, Robert Jenrick, said Thursday that the virus is "very concentrated in some places," insisting that it was best to target restrictions to those areas with the worst outbreaks.

In Spain, authorities have been imposing incremental restrictions on free movement, nightlife and social gatherings, but they have refrained from a strict stay-at-home order like the one that curbed the first wave of infections but scarred the economy.

But with officials predicting that current levels of infection will produce a serious shortage of intensive care beds in November, some experts are already calling for a full lockdown.

Some Spanish regions, namely Catalonia and La Rioja, have already closed bars and restaurants, while most of the rest have imposed curfews limiting nightlife. But extra subsidies have not accompanied the restrictions, prompting loud protests in Barcelona this week by business owners who banged pots, waved cocktail shakers and chanted "We want to work!"

Pablo Casado, who leads Spain's conservative opposition, praised the leaders of France and Germany on Wednesday for showing leadership "addressing the nation in a brief and concise way to lead the response to the pandemic."

Spain has officially recorded more than 1.1 million COVID-19 cases, although authorities say the true figure, including missed cases, could be at least three times higher. Its virus death toll is at least 35,000.

Governments in Russia and Poland also said Thursday there were no plans to impose a nationwide lockdown even as their counties reported new daily infection records.

"Despite a difficult epidemiological situation, right now we're much better prepared for working during an epidemic," Russian President Vladimir Putin said.

Russia has recorded more than 1.5 million confirmed coronavirus cases, the highest number in Europe and the fourth largest tally worldwide.

European Union leaders were holding a virtual summit later Thursday dedicated to tackling COVID-19 and its health, social and economic consequences.

Top EU officials are appealing to the leaders to approve rapid virus tests, which are less reliable than standard kits but far quicker to provide results, and to prepare the vast amounts of cold storage that will be needed to keep large stocks of any virus vaccine once it becomes available.

With France and Belgium warning that their intensive care units could be overwhelmed within two weeks, the officials are urging EU leaders to share information about ICU capacity so patients can be treated across borders if necessary.